The economic free-rider problem and risk aversion as an analysis of the factors influencing the probability of travelling by public transport of travelling by public transport without a valid ticket in Warsaw

Riding without a ticket is still treated with contempt by the public, and caught by the ticket inspector as bad luck, rather than punishment for theft. Meanwhile, it turns out that the losses of public transport companies are very serious. This article concerns the factors influencing the decision to travel by public transport without a valid ticket and the recurrence (frequency) of this phenomenon.
The presented study helped to verify in detail the hypotheses concerning who, how often and in what conditions rides without a valid ticket without a valid ticket. The results made it possible to identify the group of people most prone to risk free riding. The survey was limited The study was limited to public transport services provided by the Public Transport Authority of Warsaw. This generalisation is mainly due to the fact that Warsaw is the only centre in Poland where all means of urban transport are available.